Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Income-Generating Activities in Rubber Monoculture Dominated Region Based on Sustainable Livelihood Framework

The rapid expansion of rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna, China, has severely decreased prices the last several years. income loss and other adverse environmental impacts have brought livelihood challenges opportunities to develop adopt more diversified environmental-friendly income-generating activities (IGAs). To better understand constraints for smallholder farmers sustain or improve their livelihoods, this study investigates which IGAs are applied by local factors that determine adoption, using sustainable framework as theoretical guideline. qualitative approach is semi-structured interviews thematic analysis. Five directions changes (i.e., intercropping, cash crops, livestock raising marketing, part-time job, land renting) identified, categorized into three groups rejective, affirmative, hesitate groups) based on attitudes towards these IGAs. results reveal main adoption motivations certain closely related price shock, economic return, information, extension service. Based results, suggestions provided enhance farmers’ motivation make emerging with attention given vulnerability contexts, assets institutional assistance.